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Readings from class and HW below
THE GREAT LEAP FORWARD
VOCABULARY
1. Modernize ___________________________________________________________________________
2. Famines ____________________________________________________________________________
3. Heavy Industries ________________________________________________________________
4. Turmoil ____________________________________________________________________________
One of Mao's goals was to MODERNIZE China. The plan was known as
The Great Leap Forward. According to Mao, China would do two
things. First, she would increase her food production in order to
end FAMINES. Second, she would increase the production in HEAVY
INDUSTRIES such as steel, mining, tractor production, etc.
In order to accomplish this, peasants were forced to work longer
hours and take no days off. They worked on farms that were owned
collectively. This means that the government owned the farms for
the people. All crops that were grown on the collective farm
belonged to the government. In order to increase heavy industry,
thousands of "back yard -factories" were created to produce iron
and steel. Like the peasants, workers in factories were forced to
put in longer hours in order to produce more goods.
During The Great Leap Forward, there was a major increase in food
and heavy industrial production. However, by 1958, the program fell
apart because the country was trying to do too much too fast. Mao
was blamed for the failure of The Great Leap Forward. He believed
that the people had lost their revolutionary spirit which brought
the communists to power in 1949. As a result, in 1966, Mao started
the Cultural Revolution which ran for two years. During that period
of time, many youths who supported Mao and Communism formed groups
called the Red Guards. They took control of the country trying to
destroy old thoughts, old customs and old habits. In addition, they
supported Mao and his attempts to change China. Eventually the Red
Guards and their revolution turned violent, as they took on factory
workers, peasants and people who had ideas different from their
own. Schools throughout China were closed and the country was in
TURMOIL. Eventually, in 1968, the Cultural Revolution ended, but
not before the future of communism was guaranteed.
DID MAO ZEDONG'S CULTURAL REVOLUTION HELP OR HURT CHINA?
In 1966, Mao Zedong encouraged Chinese high school students to join the Red Guards and help
bring about changes in Chinese society.
Red Guard leader Wei: “My fellow Red Guards, today we are going to help our beloved country
by investigating reports that the local politician, Lo Fat, is corrupt. Since Chairman Mao has
encouraged us to expose this criminal, I am sure that will find plenty of evidence.
Red Guard Ying Lei: Yes, the Cultural Revolution has begun. Let us show that corrupt weasel,
Lo Fat, that Chairman Mao will not stand for corruption in our beloved China. Let's get him!!!
(Hundreds of Red Guards arrive at Lo Fat's residence, which occupied a large area. It had a fish
pound, a little bridge, as well as a flower garden. They enter and find Lo Fat, trembling with
fear)
Red Guard Leader Wei: Look at him, shaking with fear. Look at him, comrades. Have you
ever seen someone that looked more guilty than him? (Everyone shouts No!! ! ! )
Lo Fat: I am a loyal member of the Chinese Communist Party and a faithful Chinese
citizen. Why have you come into my house?
Red Guard leader WEI: You are under arrest, you traitorous dog. You have betrayed Chairman
Mao by stealing from the people. You are obviously guilty and will be taken out and shot along
with your traitor wife and children.
Lo Fat: I have committed no crime. My family has worked very hard for everything here.
We have never stolen from our beloved Chinese citizens and comrades.
Red Guard leader Wei: Liar!!! (Slaps Lo Fat). Chairman Mao warned us that we would find evil
people like you. While you relax in your magnificent bathtub, or in one of your eight bedrooms,
your fellow citizens live in one-room huts. YOU ARE A CURSE ON THE CHINESE PEOPLE
AND WE RED GUARDS WILL MAKE YOU PAY!!!!!
Lo Fat: I repeat. I am not a criminal. Yes, in the past I have questioned whether Chairman Mao's
policies and programs were good for China, but that is all. Is it a crime for we, the people, to
question our leader?
Red Guard leader Wei: SCUM!!!! (Slaps Lo Fat) How dare you even question Chairman Mao,
hero of China!!! Most of China citizens have little or nothing. You have a huge house with many
fancy decorations. Therefore it is obvious that your are a corrupt politician who steals from the
people. You and your family will be immediately shot.
Lo Fat: You are making a terrible mistake. I have criticized Chairman Mao and the Communist
Party in the past but I have not stolen from the people. You may kill me but I will die an innocent
man.
CHINA AFTER MAO ZEDONG
DENG XIAOPING
Mao Zedong died in 1976. As is the case in all dictatorships, after the death of the leader,
there is a struggle to determine who the new leader will be. In the case of China, the new
leader was Deng Xiaoping.
Deng’s primary changes took place in economics and in the social structure of the nation.
He planned to modernize agriculture, industry and defense. The production of food
became the nation’s highest goal. In order to convince peasants to produce more food,
Deng introduced incentives to peasants. Many communes were ended and families were
given land to farm. In addition, small private businesses were permitted in the cities,
which would be owned by individuals. This new freedom in economics led to ideas of
freedom in government. In the spring of 1989, thousands of pro-democracy students
demonstrated in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square. As the world watched, Premier Li Peng
ordered tens of thousands of Chinese troops into the Square to break up the
demonstrations. Many students were killed; others were executed after brief trials. Still
other, were imprisoned or never heard from again. “The Tiananmen Square massacre”
showed the world hoe brutal the Chinese government could be toward its people.
CHINA UNDER DENG XIAOPING
I. Deng Xiaoping
A. Deng was a Communist
1. but very practical
2. any policy so long as it achieved a good result for China
II. Goals of Deng
A. Modernize China by the year 2000
1. set aside some of Mao’s more radical policies
B. To achieve this goal
1. opened China to foreign trade
2. greater contact with the west
C. Four Modernization’s
1. modernization and mechanization of agriculture
2. improvement of military forces
3. upgrading and expansion of industry
4. development of science and industry
5. results: added capitalists features to its economy
a) greater freedom of thought and individualism
b) farmers were able to own land
c) people could run their own small businesses
III. Protests in Tiananmen Square
A. Pro – Democracy demonstration in 1989
1. college students peacefully demonstrated
2. demanding greater personal freedom and democracy
3. soldiers opened fire
a) killing hundreds
GANDHI
4. student leaders were
VOCABULARY
1. Disobey
2. Unjust
3. Assassinated
4. Ironic
Mohandas Gandhi, more than any person, was responsible for the
independence of India. He led the movement against the British,
which resulted in Indian independence in 1947.
Gandhi's philosophy was based on civil disobedience and
passive resistance. By civil disobedience, Gandhi believed
that Indians should DISOBEY British laws and if necessary, go to
jail. Passive resistance means that the fight against the British must
always be peaceful. Violence had no place in Gandhi's program.
A perfect example of how Gandhi's philosophy worked was the
Great Salt March, which took place in 1930. Gandhi led a 24 day
march to the sea where tens of thousands of Indians took salt
from seawater. This was specifically against British law, which
required Indians to purchase their salt from England. Gandhi
purposely broke what he believed to be an UNJUST law. When
British troops arrived on the scene and beat and arrested
Indians, the native population never used violence. As a
result, 60,000 people were jailed and worldwide reaction was very
anti-British and pro-Indian.
When World War II broke out over two million Indian
soldiers fought bravely in the British army. However, when the
war ended, India was still a colony. This caused Gandhi to
once again use passive resistance and civil disobedience
against the British. Finally, in 1947 the British Government
collapsed and India was given her independence. However, as
we shall see, within India many problems existed between
Hindus and Muslims that were just becoming worse.
Less than one year after India received its independence
from England; Mahatma Gandhi was ASSASSINATED by a Hindu who
believed that Gandhi (who was a Hindu) gave too much power to
the Muslims. It is IRONIC that this man of peace died by
violence.
WHY DID INDEPENDENCE LEAD TO CIVIL WAR?
During World War II, the Indian people suffered from
widespread hunger. Discontent and disorder increased. When
the war ended, the British government decided to give India its
independence. But a serious difficulty arose. The great majority
of the Indian people followed the Hindu religion. However, a
large minority of 100million people were Moslems. They
objected strongly to being placed under Hindu rule. The Moslems
lived in two sections of India, the east and the northwest. They
demanded that these regions be made into a separate nation to
named PAKISTAN.
Great Britain agreed to this change and set a date for
independence. Fighting soon broke out, however, between the
Hindus and the Moslems. The two mew nations were India and Pakistan. They were born amid bitter civil war and great bloodshed,
as the following passage describes. Why was this conflict a bad sign for the future of India?
The two mew nations started off badly. In the capital cities, great crowds celebrated independence. In Karachi the
slogan was "Long Live Pakistan," in Delhi, "Victory to India." This was only a tiny part of the total response, which
was savage and shocking. The violence that now took place was beyond all that Indian, Pakistani, or British officials had
feared.
In the West Punjab and the northwest frontier, Moslems murdered Sikhs (a religious group derived from Hinduism) and
Hindus. In East Punjab and the Sikh states, Sikhs and Hindus murdered Moslems. In parts of the United Provinces,
Hindus and Moslems murdered each other. In the border regions of Jammu and Kashmir, Sikhs who had escaped from
West Pakistan spread violence. Peaceful villages suddenly became two hostile camps. One group was trying to wipe
out the other. In the cities, especially in Lahore and Delhi, terrorism was in control. Houses were fired, looting went
unchecked, and women were kidnapped. Massacres took place on the main highways. The leaders of neither side could
control the situation.
The number of deaths by direct violence is unknown. Various Americans and British worked at relief in the affected areas.
They have guessed that the deaths numbered more than 100,000, at the outside 200,000. Besides the deaths by violence,
there were others from disease, hunger, and exposure, or floods came at this time, too. The total may have come close to
half a million.
A result of the violence was mass migration. Fearful Hindus and Sikhs left the West Punjab. Moslems left the East Punjab and
nearby regions of the United Provinces. There is probably not a Sikh left today in Western Pakistan, and few Hindus.
Many Moslems left India. The migration continued for months. The total number of migrants both ways is set down it 12
million. This is the greatest movement of population sown in history.
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