Regents quick study - turning points MC and essay review

TURNING POINTS

Neolithic Revolution

• About 10,000 years ago
• People changed from nomadic hunting & gathering  to growing food
• Cause: people learned how to grow food & domesticate animals
• Effect: Permanent homes & villages in River Valleys, Social classes emerged

The Crusades

• 1096-1291
• Christians waged series of holy wars against Muslims for control of the Holy Land
• Causes: Seljuk Turks took control of Jerusalem. Pope calls on Christians of Europe to recapture Holy Land
• Effects: Cultural diffusion, Europe exposed to new ideas & products, increased Trade, Persecution of Christians, Muslims, & Jews

The Renaissance

• 1400’s
• Rebirth of classical culture & learning beginning in Italian City- States
• Cause: Wealthy Italian City-States, monarchs, & artisans, Greek & Roman influence, Population rebound, Humanism, Secularism, Printing Press
• Effects: Golden age of Arts, Literature, & Science, authority of the church questioned, DaVinci, Michelangelo, Shakespeare, etc.

Age of Exploration

• Late 1400’s
• European monarchs competed for new trade routes & lands
• Causes: Search for new trade routes, advanced technology, missionaries, desire for new products
• Effects: Cultural diffusion, new world, colonization, Columbian exchange, rivalries
• Columbus, Magellan, DaGAma

The Scientific Revolution

• Renaissance through 1700’s
• Rejection of traditional authority in favor of direct observation
• Causes: Curiosity inspired by  renaissance& exploration
• Effects: Scientific method, use of Human Reasoning, questioning previous thought, advances in medicine, mathematics, & astronomy, Law of Gravity, Enlightenment
• Copernicus, Galileo, Newton

The Reformation

• 1517
• Challenging the Church’s authority leads to division
• Cause: Martin Luther’s 95 Theses protesting the sale of indulgences
• Effects: Ended Religious unity in Europe, formation of Protestantism, religious wars between Catholics & protestants, Counterreformation, religious persecution, rise of royal power

The Enlightenment

• 1700’s
• Intellectual movement also known as the Age of Reason
• Causes: Scientific Revolution (Reasoning), Applied Scientific to understand people & improve society
• Effects: Inspired a belief in personal freedom & equality, Challenged long held beliefs, Laid the foundations for modern governments, Inspired Revolutions, Reforms of society, Nationalism

French Revolution

• 1789-1799
• Revolution overthrows the Old Regime (Estates)
• Causes: Inequality among classes, unfair tax system, Bankrupt government, enlightenment ideas, weak ruler
• Effects: Decline in French Power, Spread of Enlightenment ideas, Growth of Nationalism, Spread of Democratic ideas, Revolutions in Europe & Latin America

The Industrial Revolution

• Began in the 1750’s in England (natural Resources)
• Means of production shifted from hand tools to complex machine, Innovations in power( End of domestic system)
• Cause: Agrarian Revolution, Population Explosion, Energy Revolution
• Effects- Mass production, Urbanization,  imperialism, Socialism, rise of capitalism, Trade Unions, reform laws, New class structure, upset balance of power

World War I

• 1914-1919 Allies vs. Central Powers
• Causes: MANIA
• Effects: New Technology/Mass Death & destruction/famine
• Huge War debts/reparations
• End of major empires
• Treaty of Versailles leads to WWII           

Russian Revolution

• 1917
• Change from Czarist Rule to democracy to Communism
• Cause: Economic differences, Tsarist rule, Pogroms, Russification Russo -Japanese War ,WWI
• Effects: Czar abdicates, Provisional government, Lenin “Peace, Bread , Land” Leads to communist government, Czar executed, NEP, Civil War, Stalin

World War II

• 1939-1945
• Axis Powers vs. Allied Powers
• Causes: Harshness of Treaty of Versailles, Rise of Dictators, Failure of League of Nations & Appeasement, Nazi & Japanese Aggression,
• Effects: Defeat of Dictatorships, decline of colonialism, Atomic bomb, Holocaust, The UN, Rise of Superpowers & the Cold War

The Cold War

• 1945-1991
• Years of Tension/competition:      US vs., USSR, No direct Confrontation
•  Causes-Differing political & Economic ideologies, Soviet domination of Europe
• Effects-Vietnam, Korea, Cuba, Space, Berlin Wall & Arms Race, NATO, Warsaw Pact, Collapse of Communism & the USSR

The Green Revolution

• After 1940
• Aimed @ developing better food production in developing countries
• Cause:  World Hunger & malnutrition, population increasing quicker than food supply
• Effect: New high yield crops & fertilizers, Advances continue

Technology Revolution

• Late 20th Century
• Continuous progress in science & technology
• Cause- Scientific advancement
• Effect: Computer Revolution, Automation, advances in medicine, Transportation, & communication, Space exploration