Vocabulary – Word Association
●Neolithic
farming
agriculture
domestication
settled villages
allowed civilization
● Mesopotamia/Fertile Crescent
river valley
cuneiform
● Egypt
Nile River valley
pharaoh
pyramid
● Indus River Valley civilization
strong government
urban planning
● Huang He (Yellow River)
Chinese civilization
river valley
● Hammurabi
code of law
eye for an eye
● Phoenicians
trade
alphabet
cultural diffusion
● Judaism
Jews
Hebrews
monotheistic
Ten Commandments → morals/ethics
● Hinduism
India
polytheistic
reincarnation
dharma & karma
caste system
● caste system
India
untouchables
Hinduism
rules
● Buddhism
India
Four Noble Truths
Eightfold Path
life is suffering
reincarnation
● Mandate of Heaven
China
divine right
dynastic cycle
● Confucianism
China
Five Key Relationships→proper behavior
filial piety
government and society
civil service system
● Greece
city-states
direct democracy → Athens, Pericles
architecture
● Rome
Pax Romana → golden age
law
● Maya, Aztec, Inca
advanced in math & astronomy
adapted to geography
● Charlemagne
Holy Roman Empire
feudalism
● feudalism
king, lords, knights, peasants & serfs
chivalry
● manor/manorialism
self-sufficient
● capital
money for investing
● Magna Carta
England
limited king
● Parliament
England
legislative body
House of Lords
House of Commons
● Estates General
France
legislative body
● crusades
Holy Land
trade
● Black Death
fleas & rats
disruption
● Justinian’s Code
Byzantine Empire
Roman law
● Islam
Mecca
Muhammad
monotheistic
Five Pillars → duties/ethics
Sunnis & Shiites
● Muslim Empire
advanced
extensive trade
cultural diffusion
tolerance
● Mughal
India
Muslim
Akbar the Great → religious tolerance
● Africa (geography)
Sahara
savanna
diversity
● Ghana, Mali, Songhai
western Africa
trading kingdoms
● Mongols
Genghis Khan
Kublai Khan → China
cultural diffusion
isolated Russia
● Tokugawa
Japan
shoguns
isolation
● Renaissance
Italy
arts
humanism → secular, Greece & Rome
● Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther
95 Theses
indulgences
● Scientific Revolution
observation & experimentation
Galileo
Copernicus
heliocentric
● Cortes
conquistador
Aztec
● encomienda
Spanish colonies
plantations
slavery
● capitalism
private investment in businesses
● mercantilism
parent country (imperial power) uses
colonies
tariffs
● Louis XIV
France
absolute monarch
Sun King
Versailles
● English Civil War (Puritan Revolution)
Charles I → beheaded
Oliver Cromwell
● Glorious Revolution
English Bill of Rights
power of the purse → Parliament
limited monarchy
● Peter the Great & Catherine the Great
Russia
westernization
modernization
warm-water ports
● Enlightenment
Age of Reason
consent of the governed
● John Locke
natural rights → life, liberty
● Thomas Hobbes
absolute monarchy
● Adam Smith
laissez faire
free market
supply & demand
● French Revolution
Enlightenment
Third Estate
Committee of Public Safety
Robespierre → radical
● Napoleon
nationalism
Russia
● nationalism
pride in heritage
independence
● conservative
upper class
no change
● liberal
middle class
change
● Congress of Vienna
conservative victory
flaw: ignored nationalism
● Karl Marx
class struggle
communism
bourgeoisie
proletariat
means of production
● Simon Bolivar, San Martin, L’Ouverture
Latin America
nationalism
independence
● industrialization
factories
machines
● Social Darwinism
survival of the fittest group
racism
justification for imperialism
● Opium War
China vs. Britain
nationalism
end foreign influence
Britain → better weapons
● Ireland
potato famine
starvation
● Otto von Bismarck
Germany
unification
nationalism
● Mazzini, Cavour, Garibaldi
Italy
unification
nationalism
● Imperialism
strong country dominates weak
natural resources
● White Man’s Burden
justification for imperialism
● Berlin Conference
imperialism
Africa
● Suez Canal
Egypt
Britain
shortcut to India
● Sepoy Rebellion
India
nationalism
● Muslim League
India
Pakistan
● Boxer Rebellion
China
nationalism
against foreigners
● Meiji
Japan
modernization
industrialization
westernization
imperialism → needed resources
● World War I
militarism
alliances
imperialism
nationalism
Central Powers
Allies
new weapons → high casualties
● Treaty of Versailles
ended World War I
punished Germany → reparations
led to rise of Hitler
● Lenin
Russia
Bolsheviks
communism
1917
Peace, Land, & Bread
NEP → mixed communism & capitalism
● Stalin
USSR
dictator
Five-Year Plans → industrialization
collectivization → state-owned farms
totalitarian
● totalitarian government
no rights for citizens
government control of media
censorship
propaganda
● apartheid
South Africa
racial segregation
● Ataturk
Turkey
modernization
secularization
● Zionism
Israel
Jews
● Gandhi
India
passive resistance
Salt March
independence
● Mao Zedong
China
nationalist
communism
Long March
Great Leap Forward → modernization
Cultural Revolution
● Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jiaeshi)
China
nationalist
fought Mao
Taiwan
● Mussolini
Italy
fascism
● fascism
extreme nationalism
totalitarian
● Hitler
Germany
Nazi
rose due to Treaty of Versailles
dictator
genocide
Holocaust
anti-Semitism
● League of Nations
after WWI
peace keeping
no power
● Munich Conference
appeasement → gave in to Hitler
● World War II
Axis → Germany, Italy, Japan
Allies → Great Britain, Russia, U.S.
invasion of Poland
Holocaust
D-Day
Hiroshima & Nagasaki → atomic bomb
● Holocaust
genocide
Final Solution
● United Nations
general assembly
security council
replaced League of Nations
● Cold War
USSR
US & Great Britain
superpowers
iron curtain
containment
NATO
Warsaw Pact
arms race
● WHO
World Health Organization
United Nations
● G8
7 wealthiest & Russia
● IMF
International Monetary Fund
loans for poor nations
● Universal Declaration of Human Rights
United Nations
natural rights
● Third World
poor
developing
● OPEC
oil exporting countries
cartel
● deforestation
erosion
● urbanization
poverty
crime
● Green Revolution
farming
increased productivity
fertilizers & pesticides
● Korean War
containment
● Vietnam
Ho Chi Minh → communist, nationalist
containment
● Jomo Kenyatta
nationalism
independence
● command economy
state control
● free market economy
supply & demand
● EU
European Union
economic unification
economic growth
● NAFTA
North American Free Trade Agreement
economic growth
● Deng Xiaoping
China
communist
modernization
free market reforms
● Tiananmen Square
China
student demonstration
massacre
human rights abuse
● Hong Kong
trade & finance
British control
back to China
● Pakistan
Muslim
● Nelson Mandela
South Africa
end of apartheid
first black president
● Israel
Palestine
Zionism
Balfour Declaration
PLO → Palestine Liberation Organization
violence
● Iran
shah
revolution
Ayatollah Khomeini → fundamentalist
end foreign influence
● fundamentalism
religion
strict
traditional
● Gorbachev
USSR
Perestroika → free market reforms
Glasnost → openness – human rights
● Yeltsin
Russia
president after Gorbachev
● Russian Revolution of 1991
end of communism in Russia
collapse of USSR
Gorbachev & Yeltsin
● Lech Walesa
Poland
solidarity → workers movement
end of communism
● Balkans
powder keg
Yugoslavia
ethnic cleansing
Milosevic
● Guatemala
democracy
● Cuba
Fidel Castro
communism
● Pol Pot
Cambodia
dictator
genocide
● centralized government
organized
concentrated power
● golden age
height of a civilization
artistic achievements
prosperity
● scarcity
limited resources
● geographic features
mountains
rivers
plains
oceans
etc.
● subsistence farming
grow just enough food
no surplus
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